I was about GOD DAMN that is a big as niacinamide dosage. 1500 (per your most recent reply) is quite a good dosage =D. It isn't the first time I heard about that book, it is in my (ever growing) reading list.
I find it interesting that in the old, pre Rockefeller medicine days, there were Raw Milk sanatoriums. It was the only food and the only medicine.
My question is, drawing from the the piece linked, mightn’t raw milk provide many of the helpful healing peptides and other substances (often taken as supplements) in a whole form able to combat the manifold damage done by covid & the covid vaxes, presented in your articles ?
Yes I think milk, especially colostrum would be a great if not among the greatest possible choices one could make to help the body combat the things I cover.
Some people may need just that others little bit of other things. But in general, yes.
PS. I’m not a scientist, but my daughters are both in medical sciences. I hope to send them this and related articles. They’re both jabbed and even now, are ensnared in the fakery. Searching for the magic key that will open their eyes. —Thank you!
I've been on the brain stack for close to a year now, taking it with 2000mg Niacin right after lunch. Your comment about insulin resistance raises concerns... I've talked to another person who has been taking 3500mg Niacin (flush) for 8 mths daily with no issues, and was aiming to keep going higher over time. Any advice on that, especially the potential for diabetic effect?
I take only 250 mg, 2 grams of niacin seems excessive if you are healthy.
Measure your fasting glucose, if it is in the upper 90s better time the niacin away from carbs or take in a low carb day. I am a proponent of low carb and do it myself so I don't worry much but felt it was important to mention since some long covid people take massive amounts of niacin too. The long term insulin resistance comes with YEARS of consumption not just months though:).
once upon a time, i used to think ..I am healthy then Delta hit hard (probably an undetected wuhan too in feb20)...now too at times i feel great and healthy ..until i spend 3-4 hrs with some people boosted with pfizer ,astrazaneca or corbavax etc..,i get slight headache, a runny nose for a day or two ,watery eyes, basically what they say some EG5.1 or whatever...i get this even after regular supps, okay it doesnt go beyond those symptoms, but i just hate it...none are healthy right now the way we used to be , the spike is too strong, someway or other its getting in and we are daily getting rid of it....Niacin is great tbh, i just love it, this spacing with carbs, i do read somewhere else,i dont remember now, basically one should not take solo niacin flush (once in a while its okay too), always should take supportive nutrients etc ...those who are afraid of flush, start low and daily increase dose little bit, once the body adjust to flush, you will love it too!
Wow, second time in 30 days I have seen a reference to peptides which I had never heard of before. Hubby has lung fibrosis and we are getting a peptide for it. thanks.
I will look into my annotations and see which other peptides are good to heal/deal with lung fibrosis, and I will come back to you. If it takes too long (means I lost this comment), comment again as reminding me "what about the lung fibrosis specific pepetides".
His situation is complex. besides the fibrosis, he has bronchiestasis which causes coughing up sticky flem, and pulmonary hypertension which is heart damage caused by the heart working too hard to get oxygen from the lungs.
He has been taking WEI herbal formula's for 6 months now and not sure that they are working.
The peptide I found on Amazon is Chonluten, for lungs and bronchi.
Thanks for reading and any efforts to help.
I am on several Facebook support groups for ILD and would love to share with others who are suffering. especially since there aren't really any effective big pharma drugs even though they claim that perfinidone and Ofev will slow it down. Lying sob's.
One of many, I don’t think there are papers covering the mechanism, or if there are I missed them, but the liver damage from non flush type is documented since 90s
FWIW not sure about the low-carb thing yet. Based on what I'm able to understand of what I'm reading so far, it seems that Niacinamide inhibits lipolysis, encouraging the mito to switch to full oxidative phosphorylation and away from glucose oxidation and/or lipolysis. The low carb thing seems to be pushing the t-cells into glucose oxidation (i.e. warburg effect), which seems counter to what one is trying to accomplish with the niacinamide...
People need to choose one, and stick to it, not stack the entire list at once. BHB (the byproduct of a low carb diet) has extensive list of positive effects, and it is what you mainly produces while fasting, which has fixed most of the Long Covid people who message/email me.
Sounds counter intuitive but it isn’t, if I went down the science train here 99% of people would not understand , which would beat the purpose of this one. I will get into the Warburg effect eventually. It is my favorite topic, followed by ferroptosis.
>> T-Cell Exhaustion occurs from excessive ROS (cell rust in my simplified terms) which directly affects mitochondrial function.
At the risk of being taken as a flippant response (it isn't) I'll borrow a phrase: "Rust never sleeps". Thanks for your article. It offers up some really good suggestions for "sleeping pills".
Depends on your objectives, they all have different effects on the body. Personally take Niacin every other day, and cycle Niacinamide, when I take the second it is every day for a few weeks.
Thank you! Being half Irish, I HATE taking Niacin because the flush hits so hard and my skin can stay irritated for days from one tablet. Took a tablet once thinking it was something else and was wondering about driving to the ER. Have athritis/psoriasis and just bought a month's worth of Niacinamide.
You may benefit from other supplements in my "stack" (group of supplement I suggest). Such as Berberine and metformin. A microbiome test would be beneficial too perhaps
Depends on the budget. I personally fluctuate between niacin and nicotinamide, most people do better with just nicotinamide (no flush, no nothing). Nicotinamide Riboside is very good, but the expenses tallies up fairly quickly.
So, Nicotinamide for cost-effectiveness, NR if it fits the budget.
Hey, JP, thanks for this. One possible correction, though. I have heard that both Niacin (flush form of B3) and Niacinamide (non-flush form of B3) are fine and help restore NAD+. The form of B3 I have always seen as being warned against was Time-Release forms of Niacin (flush form). I've never heard anyone say that natural, non-time-release niacinamide does nothing except damage your liver, quite the contrary.
Mercola recommends 50 mg of niacinamide 3x/day to help NAD+'s salvage pathway recover and restore NAD+ reserves. Flush Niacin helps the NAD+ pathway more directly than the salvage pathway. Both are thus useful, and the body itself uses both forms. But nobody I trust ever recommends the Time-Release form, saying it will cause liver damage.
Could you review your statement about Niacinamide causing liver damage and see if you are indeed correct and want to double down with me? Or did you actually mean to tell people to avoid the Time-Release form of Niacin as damaging to the liver?
Niacin time release causes liver damage, not niacinamide, perhaps the built in autocorrect tool autocorrected niacin to niacinamide given the frequency I typed niacinamide I'm this article.
I will check the article and correct it if I wrote niacinamide.
OK, I wondered if you were linking the two that way. You should know that others might find that confusing, when it is easier and clearer to say "timed-release form". To me, and perhaps to others, "non-flush" niacin means niacinamide, not the timed-release form of niacin. As far as I know, the timed-release form of niacin as you say does not cause flushing, but it is, I believe, always labeled "Timed-Release" on the bottles. I was confused by your phrasing. Maybe I'm the only one who was. Anyway, thank you for checking out my concern. As always, I appreciate your work!
It is a very valid question, and I see no problem in answering, always ask any question you may have. Never assume my replying tone as aggressive, although I know I sometimes sound like that.
On the non-flush question, I have seen it sold as "Time-Release", No-Flush, Inositol Hexanicotinate too, to make it easier I just wrote non-flush.
Niacinamide may also be found as Nicotinamide, to make matters more confusing. And while they are both the same, the second sounds close to Nicotine (and even its basic chemical structure is similar) yet both substances, Nicotinamide and Nicotine have very distinct effects. Glad to answer any further questions.
Actually, come to think of it, you're right that the various versions show up in various ways. Out of all of that, I've learned to be very clear to say "Timed-Release" for the bad form, because the rest of it is a nightmare of confusing nomenclature. :-)
Tone in responses, anything written and without body language, can be much harder to read (literally), so I appreciate your alert on your approach to comments. Funny thing, I've noticed that women are more likely to use emojis in emails and comments, but a number of years ago, I realized that men can come across more abrupt without them, so I started going against my normal male nature of "it's just words, Bub" to adding occasional emojis, and of course using them honestly. It really helps me when dealing with women. Not sure about with men, but there it is. :-D
I have been ordering/taking different supplements as I read about them. I will now add Niacinamide. We are obviously in the early stages of understanding what ill effects the mRNA vaccine have had on our bodies (my wife and I abstained). We are both feeling better, and have suffered no major illnesses, since supplementing with V-D3, K2, V-C., ZInc, Asian Bitter Melon and some others. But right now we are just adding the things we read about. Is there a source we could check to get an overall opinion of all we should be taking and recommended dosages?
Unless you and your wife have pre-existing conditions, especially a lot of inflammation, or are of older age, I don't see the need to stack (taking many) supplements, unless you feel better doing so.
Blackseed oil is an aamzing overall addition to your regiment I would recommend it, along side your current one. Don't take a lot of zinc daily FYI, just the recommended intake.
Again, dependent on age, conditions etc, I would personally add magnesium (I think most people should take magnesium even if healthy) and thinking about taking NAC+Glycine a couple times per week if you are healthy.
I have recommendations spread throughtout my Substack, but I often recommend taking the minimum dosage, unless sick or otherwise.
MWDr, I agree with John Paul that you should add Magnesium, as that helps activate Vitamin D3. I had to take very large D3 doses to barely get my D3 up, until I added Magnesium, and then it was necessary to lower my D3 dose a lot. It jumped up past 80 no problem with the magnesium. I would add that I do better using Acerola C than straight V-C. The cofactors in the Acerola version seem to make it all much more effective. I take both 30 mg of Zinc and a colloidal copper liquid. And NAC and Glycine.
DANGER! BHB, especially exogenous BHB, is a double edged sword and very possibly quite a dangerous one in the presence of COVID and possible Latent/Lytic(reactivation) cycling of EBV. EBV being a suspect in the cause(or one of) of long covid.
EBV is also known to infect T-cells and is also known to cause mitochondrial dysfunction.
Not exactly, it is very dependent on the immune stage and specific circumstances each person finds itself, I agree care should be taken but at least half of the chronically infected with herpes viruses I've suggested low carb/BHB got the necessary "kick start" to put the viruses into latency again.
I agree that care should be taken that is why there are other options all around my entire substack.
Russians were and kinda still are at the forefront of peptide science, Thymalin was discovered by what some argue is "the father of modern peptide science".
Peptides are highly complex, but they are really amazing and one of the areas mostly worth pursuing. I have yet to cover many other peptides, but world doesn't stops.
BPC-157 (my favorite, one of the most commons) is argued to help improve autistic symptoms and it is a gut peptide.
So I’m finding out that they are illegal and not authorized in the United States of America which doesn’t surprise me at all and I’m also finding out that there’s quite a bit of complexity to using them properly and so I’m trying to figure out how I’m supposed to navigate those issues
Very interesting. At Swansons you can get 5000 mg niacinamide. Over at Orthomolecular Journal products they have books on Niacin The Real Story.
I was about GOD DAMN that is a big as niacinamide dosage. 1500 (per your most recent reply) is quite a good dosage =D. It isn't the first time I heard about that book, it is in my (ever growing) reading list.
Sorry that’s wrong. It is 1500mg Niacinamide.
Very interesting. Can you point to anything you have written about the Warburg Effect?
https://geoffpain.substack.com/p/warburg-effect-caused-by-mrna-jab
I didn't write about it yet as in a comprehensive article but I have hinted on it for quite a long while. Will read your article when I wake up 😆
Have you any thoughts wrt raw milk and the topic at hand? I found this as I was researching AMPs. 👇🏼
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958694621002363
As a long-time drinker of raw pastured milk, I found it interesting.
Thanks so very much for your very important work!
I am very pro raw milk (especially colostrum one of THE BEST "supplements" you can have) among the byproducts of milk such as whey.
Milk is powerful 💪🏻 colostrum can fix so many issues by itself, it is just very hard to come by.
Thank you for your kind responses.
I find it interesting that in the old, pre Rockefeller medicine days, there were Raw Milk sanatoriums. It was the only food and the only medicine.
My question is, drawing from the the piece linked, mightn’t raw milk provide many of the helpful healing peptides and other substances (often taken as supplements) in a whole form able to combat the manifold damage done by covid & the covid vaxes, presented in your articles ?
Thanks again!
Yes I think milk, especially colostrum would be a great if not among the greatest possible choices one could make to help the body combat the things I cover.
Some people may need just that others little bit of other things. But in general, yes.
PS. I’m not a scientist, but my daughters are both in medical sciences. I hope to send them this and related articles. They’re both jabbed and even now, are ensnared in the fakery. Searching for the magic key that will open their eyes. —Thank you!
Depending on their biases and how much critical thinking was beaten out of them in their courses, they may refuse to accept it. I wish you the best.
Excellent, thank you!
I've been on the brain stack for close to a year now, taking it with 2000mg Niacin right after lunch. Your comment about insulin resistance raises concerns... I've talked to another person who has been taking 3500mg Niacin (flush) for 8 mths daily with no issues, and was aiming to keep going higher over time. Any advice on that, especially the potential for diabetic effect?
I take only 250 mg, 2 grams of niacin seems excessive if you are healthy.
Measure your fasting glucose, if it is in the upper 90s better time the niacin away from carbs or take in a low carb day. I am a proponent of low carb and do it myself so I don't worry much but felt it was important to mention since some long covid people take massive amounts of niacin too. The long term insulin resistance comes with YEARS of consumption not just months though:).
Cycling is your friend
once upon a time, i used to think ..I am healthy then Delta hit hard (probably an undetected wuhan too in feb20)...now too at times i feel great and healthy ..until i spend 3-4 hrs with some people boosted with pfizer ,astrazaneca or corbavax etc..,i get slight headache, a runny nose for a day or two ,watery eyes, basically what they say some EG5.1 or whatever...i get this even after regular supps, okay it doesnt go beyond those symptoms, but i just hate it...none are healthy right now the way we used to be , the spike is too strong, someway or other its getting in and we are daily getting rid of it....Niacin is great tbh, i just love it, this spacing with carbs, i do read somewhere else,i dont remember now, basically one should not take solo niacin flush (once in a while its okay too), always should take supportive nutrients etc ...those who are afraid of flush, start low and daily increase dose little bit, once the body adjust to flush, you will love it too!
Is the mechanism an activation of the Liver X Receptor in the liver, leading to an accumulation of fat there?
Just to read “NIACIN The Real Story” over at Orthomolecular Journal.org. On Amazon as well. There is an updated version.
Wow, second time in 30 days I have seen a reference to peptides which I had never heard of before. Hubby has lung fibrosis and we are getting a peptide for it. thanks.
I will look into my annotations and see which other peptides are good to heal/deal with lung fibrosis, and I will come back to you. If it takes too long (means I lost this comment), comment again as reminding me "what about the lung fibrosis specific pepetides".
His situation is complex. besides the fibrosis, he has bronchiestasis which causes coughing up sticky flem, and pulmonary hypertension which is heart damage caused by the heart working too hard to get oxygen from the lungs.
He has been taking WEI herbal formula's for 6 months now and not sure that they are working.
The peptide I found on Amazon is Chonluten, for lungs and bronchi.
Thanks for reading and any efforts to help.
I am on several Facebook support groups for ILD and would love to share with others who are suffering. especially since there aren't really any effective big pharma drugs even though they claim that perfinidone and Ofev will slow it down. Lying sob's.
Look into nebulized glutathione. It might help.
Non-flush niacin liver damage: Searching Inositol Hexanicotinate, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=Inositol+Hexanicotinate+toxicity was not enlightening. Can you suggest any useful sources?
https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/hep4.1253
One of many, I don’t think there are papers covering the mechanism, or if there are I missed them, but the liver damage from non flush type is documented since 90s
Here's another paper discussing the role of the Warburg effect and Sars-COV-2: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7659517/
FWIW not sure about the low-carb thing yet. Based on what I'm able to understand of what I'm reading so far, it seems that Niacinamide inhibits lipolysis, encouraging the mito to switch to full oxidative phosphorylation and away from glucose oxidation and/or lipolysis. The low carb thing seems to be pushing the t-cells into glucose oxidation (i.e. warburg effect), which seems counter to what one is trying to accomplish with the niacinamide...
People need to choose one, and stick to it, not stack the entire list at once. BHB (the byproduct of a low carb diet) has extensive list of positive effects, and it is what you mainly produces while fasting, which has fixed most of the Long Covid people who message/email me.
Sounds counter intuitive but it isn’t, if I went down the science train here 99% of people would not understand , which would beat the purpose of this one. I will get into the Warburg effect eventually. It is my favorite topic, followed by ferroptosis.
>> T-Cell Exhaustion occurs from excessive ROS (cell rust in my simplified terms) which directly affects mitochondrial function.
At the risk of being taken as a flippant response (it isn't) I'll borrow a phrase: "Rust never sleeps". Thanks for your article. It offers up some really good suggestions for "sleeping pills".
So, JP, if you had to choose between Nicotinamide Riboside, simple Niacin Flush, and Niacinamide, which do you suspect would be most effective?
Depends on your objectives, they all have different effects on the body. Personally take Niacin every other day, and cycle Niacinamide, when I take the second it is every day for a few weeks.
Thank you! Being half Irish, I HATE taking Niacin because the flush hits so hard and my skin can stay irritated for days from one tablet. Took a tablet once thinking it was something else and was wondering about driving to the ER. Have athritis/psoriasis and just bought a month's worth of Niacinamide.
You may benefit from other supplements in my "stack" (group of supplement I suggest). Such as Berberine and metformin. A microbiome test would be beneficial too perhaps
Yes, and willing to try Berberine for sure. A little skeptical of Metformin, pretty good at sticking with low carb diet. Have had almost lifelong skin and low-level autoimmune and thyroid probs which run in the family. Anyhow ordered this and am looking forward to starting: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0BLSK4361/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o00_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1
If you had to choose between niacin, nicotinamide and nicotinamide Riboside for a normal person without obvious issues, which would you choose?
Depends on the budget. I personally fluctuate between niacin and nicotinamide, most people do better with just nicotinamide (no flush, no nothing). Nicotinamide Riboside is very good, but the expenses tallies up fairly quickly.
So, Nicotinamide for cost-effectiveness, NR if it fits the budget.
Hey, JP, thanks for this. One possible correction, though. I have heard that both Niacin (flush form of B3) and Niacinamide (non-flush form of B3) are fine and help restore NAD+. The form of B3 I have always seen as being warned against was Time-Release forms of Niacin (flush form). I've never heard anyone say that natural, non-time-release niacinamide does nothing except damage your liver, quite the contrary.
Mercola recommends 50 mg of niacinamide 3x/day to help NAD+'s salvage pathway recover and restore NAD+ reserves. Flush Niacin helps the NAD+ pathway more directly than the salvage pathway. Both are thus useful, and the body itself uses both forms. But nobody I trust ever recommends the Time-Release form, saying it will cause liver damage.
Could you review your statement about Niacinamide causing liver damage and see if you are indeed correct and want to double down with me? Or did you actually mean to tell people to avoid the Time-Release form of Niacin as damaging to the liver?
Niacin time release causes liver damage, not niacinamide, perhaps the built in autocorrect tool autocorrected niacin to niacinamide given the frequency I typed niacinamide I'm this article.
I will check the article and correct it if I wrote niacinamide.
Autocorrect is a double-edged sword. :-)
It is useful to me since English isn't even my third language, but it often backfires 😭
You wrote something else than niacinamide that makes it look like you're talking about niacinamide, not timed-release.
"First, you must only use Niacin Flush, the non-flush type literally does only one thing for you. Liver damage. "
Niacin flush can only mean only one substance, niacin. Since niacinamide has no "flush" properties, which comes from the vasodilation.
OK, I wondered if you were linking the two that way. You should know that others might find that confusing, when it is easier and clearer to say "timed-release form". To me, and perhaps to others, "non-flush" niacin means niacinamide, not the timed-release form of niacin. As far as I know, the timed-release form of niacin as you say does not cause flushing, but it is, I believe, always labeled "Timed-Release" on the bottles. I was confused by your phrasing. Maybe I'm the only one who was. Anyway, thank you for checking out my concern. As always, I appreciate your work!
It is a very valid question, and I see no problem in answering, always ask any question you may have. Never assume my replying tone as aggressive, although I know I sometimes sound like that.
On the non-flush question, I have seen it sold as "Time-Release", No-Flush, Inositol Hexanicotinate too, to make it easier I just wrote non-flush.
Niacinamide may also be found as Nicotinamide, to make matters more confusing. And while they are both the same, the second sounds close to Nicotine (and even its basic chemical structure is similar) yet both substances, Nicotinamide and Nicotine have very distinct effects. Glad to answer any further questions.
Actually, come to think of it, you're right that the various versions show up in various ways. Out of all of that, I've learned to be very clear to say "Timed-Release" for the bad form, because the rest of it is a nightmare of confusing nomenclature. :-)
Tone in responses, anything written and without body language, can be much harder to read (literally), so I appreciate your alert on your approach to comments. Funny thing, I've noticed that women are more likely to use emojis in emails and comments, but a number of years ago, I realized that men can come across more abrupt without them, so I started going against my normal male nature of "it's just words, Bub" to adding occasional emojis, and of course using them honestly. It really helps me when dealing with women. Not sure about with men, but there it is. :-D
I have been ordering/taking different supplements as I read about them. I will now add Niacinamide. We are obviously in the early stages of understanding what ill effects the mRNA vaccine have had on our bodies (my wife and I abstained). We are both feeling better, and have suffered no major illnesses, since supplementing with V-D3, K2, V-C., ZInc, Asian Bitter Melon and some others. But right now we are just adding the things we read about. Is there a source we could check to get an overall opinion of all we should be taking and recommended dosages?
Unless you and your wife have pre-existing conditions, especially a lot of inflammation, or are of older age, I don't see the need to stack (taking many) supplements, unless you feel better doing so.
Blackseed oil is an aamzing overall addition to your regiment I would recommend it, along side your current one. Don't take a lot of zinc daily FYI, just the recommended intake.
Again, dependent on age, conditions etc, I would personally add magnesium (I think most people should take magnesium even if healthy) and thinking about taking NAC+Glycine a couple times per week if you are healthy.
I have recommendations spread throughtout my Substack, but I often recommend taking the minimum dosage, unless sick or otherwise.
MWDr, I agree with John Paul that you should add Magnesium, as that helps activate Vitamin D3. I had to take very large D3 doses to barely get my D3 up, until I added Magnesium, and then it was necessary to lower my D3 dose a lot. It jumped up past 80 no problem with the magnesium. I would add that I do better using Acerola C than straight V-C. The cofactors in the Acerola version seem to make it all much more effective. I take both 30 mg of Zinc and a colloidal copper liquid. And NAC and Glycine.
DANGER! BHB, especially exogenous BHB, is a double edged sword and very possibly quite a dangerous one in the presence of COVID and possible Latent/Lytic(reactivation) cycling of EBV. EBV being a suspect in the cause(or one of) of long covid.
EBV is also known to infect T-cells and is also known to cause mitochondrial dysfunction.
Not exactly, it is very dependent on the immune stage and specific circumstances each person finds itself, I agree care should be taken but at least half of the chronically infected with herpes viruses I've suggested low carb/BHB got the necessary "kick start" to put the viruses into latency again.
I agree that care should be taken that is why there are other options all around my entire substack.
Is “non-flush niacin” the same thing as “niacinamide?”
No. Non-flush niacin is a form of niacin with changes on its structure that lower the incidence of flush. Niacin is another form of B3.
Niacinamide is also another form of B3, and doesn't have a flush.
What’s the connection between Thymalin and Russia? I started researching and every link mentioned it’s common use in Russia.
https://jaycampbell.com/anti-aging/thymalin-the-immunity-regulating-peptide/
Russians were and kinda still are at the forefront of peptide science, Thymalin was discovered by what some argue is "the father of modern peptide science".
Once again you are a God send. You’ve opened a brand new door to me. I am now reading about peptides...
I’m hooked. My curiosity is peaked and I know I’ll keep pursuing more in this area...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7136424/
Peptides are highly complex, but they are really amazing and one of the areas mostly worth pursuing. I have yet to cover many other peptides, but world doesn't stops.
BPC-157 (my favorite, one of the most commons) is argued to help improve autistic symptoms and it is a gut peptide.
So I’m finding out that they are illegal and not authorized in the United States of America which doesn’t surprise me at all and I’m also finding out that there’s quite a bit of complexity to using them properly and so I’m trying to figure out how I’m supposed to navigate those issues
Complexisty comes from lack of knowledge by many in the area, refer to what I wrote in the "Many wonders of peptides", it has some instructions.
Unless using peptides for neurological or pulmonary conditions, you mostly reconstitute them and inject.